I think I found a way to make this bug appear a little more frequently. I was able to do it a couple of times in a raw in several different directories, but the reproduction still does not usually work.
I go in a directory that has a vertical scrollbar, and scroll somewhere in the middle, then enter the topmost directory on the
current screen. If this directory I enter has a lot of content then it's more likely that you are going to end up with a screen like
this, or like
this, or like
this. Other than ~ and Desktop, also /System/Library and /System/Library/Frameworks/ seemed to work pretty well.
Also it seems that the two overlapping images are: one of the entered directory, at the position of the scrollbar, and the other the same directory at the topmost position (the thing that it's supposed to appear).
Please note that these are just some circumstances that make the bug appear a little more frequently, and might have nothing to do with the actual cause of the bug.